Introduction

Corn Steep Powder (CSP) is a fine, yellow to yellow-brown, water-soluble powdermade by spray drying corn steep liquor (CSL). Corn steep liquor is a concentratedliquid derived from the water that is used in the initial stage of the corn wet millingprocess. Once considered a waste stream byproduct, its properties lent well for otheruses. The tan to brown liquid is denser than water and has an acid pH (3.7 -4.7). Since it contains 40 to 60% water soluble corn solids, it has a variety ofnutrients. CSL has nitrogen in the form of amino acids and peptides, macro andmicronutrients, and vitamins. Because of this, it is particularly useful as an ingredientin microbiological growth media, or can be combined with gluten into an animal feedsupplement. Most recently it has been shown to be useful as a fertilizer, for theproduction of food, in the production of microbial products, and has some industrialapplications.Corn steep liquor and the more recently developed corn steep powder (CSP) areexcellent replacements for other organic fertilizers such as fish emulsion, chicken litter,soybean meal, or feather meal. Unlike most organic fertilizers, CSL and CSP nitrogenis readily available to the plant and not dependent on microbial activity for digestionand release.
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Chemical Properties of Corn Steep Liquor

Corn steep liquor is a dense liquid (specific gravity of 1.25) with a pH of 3.7 to 4.1.Most corn steep liquors have a nitrogen content around 4% mostly in the form ofamino acids (alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, histidine,isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine tyrosine, andvaline) and polypeptides. Almost 25% of the amino acids in CSL is alanine. Alanineplays a role in fruit quality (see Amino Acids and Their Function in Plants). It also hasaround 3% of phosphorus and potassium. CSLs also have a low sugar content (1 to2%) and high lactic acid content (13 to 15%), a result of fermentation in the steepwater by lactic acid bacteria. The NPK content varies due to corn quality andprocessing differences between mills. CSL contains considerable amounts of Bcomplexvitamins such as riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and biotinwith the exception of thiamine. Vitamins play important roles when converted intocofactors for enzymes that are involved in stress reduction, nitrogen metabolism,nutrient transport, and photosynthesis. CSL also has very low amounts of heavymetals such as Al, Ce, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Mo, and Zn, low amounts of S, and moderateamounts of Mg (around 1%), and P (2-3%).
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Uses for Corn Steep Liquor

Corn steep liquor has been used as a feed additive for livestock, and as a baitattractant for carp. It is used in food production of yeasts, leavened dough products,and beer. It is a good additive for microbial growth media and hence plays a vital partin the production of penicillin, E. colirecombinant proteins, and other bacterial productssuch as enzymes, organic acids, cellulose, and biodegradable plastics. It hasindustrial applications in converting municipal waste compost for organic farming,biodegradation of crude oil, microbial induced carbonate precipitation for remediationof cracks in concrete. More recently, corn steep liquor has been used as a plantfertilizer. As of April 29, 2011, corn steep liquor produced via the traditional corn wetmilling process is considered to be non-synthetic and allowed for use in organic cropproduction.
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Agricultural Use of Corn Steep Liquor

Corn steep liquor was originally considered an industrial waste. It wasn’t until the last20 years when its use as an agricultural fertilizer was explored. This could be due toits popularity (abundance and price) as a feed supplement, and its usefulness as amicrobiological media ingredient for industrial recombinant products. Technologyimprovements in viscous liquid handling and drying has changed all this. Today CSLcan be used directly as a diluted liquid fertilizer, or as a dried pellet or powder fertilizer.It can also be used indirectly by supporting growth of microorganisms that convertwaste materials into useable fertilizer. For example, CSL can be used to enhance thebiological activity of composts, mulches, and city wastes.

Corn steep liquor, once a major waste product of corn wet-milling, has now beenrepurposed for a variety of uses. Use as a fertilizer is a more recent development thathas the potential to impact the organic plant growth market. Drying viscous liquidshave always been problematic. Dried into a soluble powder, it is aneasily transportable fertilizer that is as efficient as urea and ammonium sulfate. It hasmajor advantages over synthetic nitrogen since it is less likely to cause injury and thenitrogen is present in ready to use amino acid and peptide forms. It has an advantageover other organic fertilizers like chicken litter that requires microbial activity to convertthe nitrogen into plant useable form. It is a fairly complete general fertilizer forplants. Like all other general fertilizers, additional supplementation with specific macroor micronutrients may be needed to meet specific needs of the crop. The product canbe formulated as a dry water-soluble powder or as a pellet. Thus, it is flexible for anydry or liquid application method. Lastly, this is one of a few products that meetsconsumer demands for sustainability, food safety, and preference for organicproduced foods. Corn steep powder should be used as part of an overall nutrientmanagement program and applied based on the results of a soil and plant analysis ofa given crop.
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